On the potential of hard ferrite ceramics for permanent magnet technology—a review on sintering strategies

Abstract A plethora of modern technologies rely on permanent magnets for their operation, including many related to the transition towards a sustainable future, such as wind turbines or electric vehicles. Despite overwhelming superiority based rare-earth elements in terms magnetic performance, harmful environmental impact mining these raw materials, uneven distribution Earth and various political conflicts among countries leave no option but seeking rare-earth-free alternatives. The family hexagonal ferrites hexaferrites, particular barium strontium M-type (BaFe 12 O 19 SrFe ), are strong candidates partial substitution, they indeed successfully implemented multiple applications. manufacturing hexaferrites into dense pieces (i.e. magnets) meeting requirements specific application (e.g. mechanical properties, shape) is not always straightforward, which has cases hampered actual substitution at industrial level. Here, past on-going research sintering reviewed with historical perspective, focusing challenges encountered solutions explored, correlating approaches performance resulting ceramic magnet.